The adventure of the speckled band Essay Example for Free

The adventure of the speckled band EssayThese stories, whilst written in the 19 century, chill out seem truly applicable like a shot. In this age where terrorism is a constant threat, it is easy to believe that we are the first generation to experience these fears. However, these stories give us an nice reminder that we are non the first, and that these threats have been with us for many years they have overly been well documented and explored.Before reading these stories, I believed that these stories would be very remote, as the nineteenth century setting would be too early for me to easily relate too. However, as I read the stories, I started to b skillfulen that they were very relevant indeed. It was very easy to relate the poison of the swamp adder in Conan Doyles, Adventure of the speckled band, to ricin, which we are so aware of straight off due to the finding of the poison in London. Both poisons would as well not normally show up on an autopsy, but a few milli grams of it could still kill many men.I also spotted very quickly the similarities in HG Wells, The stolen Bacillus, to the possibility of Biological attacks on many cities, such as the possibility of attacks on major cities with airborne spores, like anthrax. Whilst, in the story, it turns out that the visitor, as he is referred to, has not taken the deadly cholera bacillus, I make up the vivid description of how the disease would, go hither and thithertake the husband from the wife, the child from its mother, absolutely terrifying, simply because of the sheer detail in which it is described.The personification which is used to attend to describe the pestilence also helps make the disease more terrifying, as if it is made to seem like a person is doing these terrible deeds, it can do so calculatingly and charge more evilly. This personification is very well illustrated in the way that the bacteriologist constantly refers to the cholera as, he, in his rhetoric. We are also told h ow, he would creep through the streets, picking out and punishing a house. These very human characteristics show that the bacterium should be feared, as a person alternatively than a micro-organism.An issue which I feel is related to that of terrorism, and which is mentioned in Wells novel is that of immigration. There is a growing concern about letting good deal into our country, partly due to the fear of terrorism. This can, unfortunately, greatly promote racism against people of an Arabic origin. Whilst the immigrant becoming a criminal in this story is not of Arabic origin, he is clearly not a native to the British islesCertainly the man was not a Teutonic type, nor a common Latin one.This not unaccompanied shows the problem of immigrants turning to crime, but also that of discrimination against them. Whilst it could be argued that no discrimination occurred, as the Bacteriologist let him into his lab, I feel that as it is only after, musing on the ethnology of his visitor, t hat he started to panic, as he did not trust foreigners. This illustrates that immigration and discrimination against immigrants was as much a problem in the 19th century as it is today.Another issue that is very relevant to the 21st century is that of womens rights. Whilst the spice girls, and other girl power related groups were formed in the 20th century, many girls raised listening to the spice girls will soon be adults with a significant say in our society, such as the right to vote. We have also seen many court cases in the past few years relating to sexism and unfair dismissal cases. However, I believe that these issues are brushed upon even this early in these stories, which, considering the time they were written in, is somewhat impressive. For example, the womens suffrage movements only appeared in the early 1900s, so these books evidently show that both authors were somewhat frontwards of their time.The issue of sexism is clearly raised in Wells novel when the bacteriol ogist is running down the street and his wife is chasing him in a dog-cart. The off-duty dog-cart drivers see this and are evidently very aware that she is female, as they say that, Shes a following him. Usually the other way round. This shows that the woman could never be seen as a person, at least not by the common taxi drivers, who are shown to be common by their dialect she was simply something to be chased. I think that the position that Minnie is also following the bacteriologist simply to give him his hat is significant, as it shows that she is solely concerned about her husband, and therefore her image. This seems to show that she has nothing important to do and has no job. Women are therefore presented as somewhat inferior, at least to the 21st century reader, as this may have been the norm in the 19th century.This sexism is also shown in, The adventures of the speckled band, as women are simply expected to marry as a matter of course, and have to ask their fathers for per mission to do so. This shows that women were seen to be dependent on men in order to survive. I also believe that it is relevant that Helen has no job in this story she simply survives using bills from her stepfather and mother. She also clearly has nothing else to do but look pretty and marry.This sexism is clearly something that the 21st century reader can identify with, and can also help the reader not becoming alienated from the 19th century setting.Domestic violence is another thing which is still as relevant today as it was over 100 years ago. Domestic violence is shown in Conan Doyles story when Helen is beaten by her stepfather. As Holmes says in the story, she has been cruelly used, when he notices a hand mark on her wrist. As domestic violence is, clearly, an issue which still effects us today, I believe that this is certainly an issue relevant to the 21st century.

Pursuing Undergraduate Studies Essay Example for Free

Pursuing Undergraduate Studies EssayI lived in South Korea for 14 long time with a family and friends who are always there to comfort me through thick and thin. After finishing my eighth grade my parents decided to send me in the unify States of America to study. They believed that by doing so, it will put one over me a stronger person both academically and socially. At the st wile, it was precise tough for me because of the language barrier.My difficulties in using the position language cause a tremendous social gap with the American society. In the long run I was able to overcome those obstacles in my sustenance. I set about found myself enjoying my stay in the USA with new friends and a better life ahead with more open doors and opportunities. One of these doors was when I be a JP ArtStudio during the first year which aroused my interest in art and I accepted those changes with open arms.The only barrier of this hope is my parents, whom I dont want to disappoint aside that they are the one supporting my study here in USA. They want me to become a doctor, but my heart and soul cried out for me to become an artist.Until one day, my life changed dramatically. Two years ago when I visited Maryland in one of the bookstore, I saw an illustration book by Obata-Dakesi. My eyes widened, my ears numbed, my body froze and my mind got sucked as I read the illustration book of Obata-Dakisi. I heard a lot of stories of people who became an animators and illustrators after reading an illustration book. It was the turning point in my life. I cannot imagine that this kind of art has the great power to make people pick up their pen to graphically explore their world and express their emotions, as what happened to me.A strong marvelous feeling inspired me to pursue my dream of becoming an artist. It was truly amazing how I was able to share my thoughts and feelings by just looking at others drawings. It brings out the very true person as I am. Day after day drawi ng has become more significant in my life. I am spellbound with the structures of an illustration so much that it motivates and inspired me to determine strongly the purpose of my life. I started looking at objects more closely and experimenting to it so as to signifier up further my drawing skills. I become more attentive and sensitive to my surroundings.Now, I have my own definition of art and this makes me more halcyon following my dreams. My goal is not becoming what everyone else wishes me to be, but to follow the desire of my heart, this burning feeling that makes me move every now and then. I cannot imagine life without art. It becomes my best friend, my best life-teacher. It will make me a better unique person with purpose and direction in life. Arts what matters to me know. Throughout my life, I have found myself another fulfilling experience that makes me the happiest person.My ultimate goal now is to be admitted in one of the best school, the School of Visual Arts for computer art program in Maryland Institute College of Art. Through enrolling in this prestigious institution it will be able to help me fulfill my dream in becoming an ultimate artist. I know that I will learn many techniques, styles and many more from your institution and this will all help me to gain in my future careers in arts.

The Power Of Words English Literature Essay

The Power Of Words English Literature EssayMy presentation is about Angel-Writer and his extraordinary typography. Not just any writer, except he or she belongs to the class of experts who tug at the heartstrings of people and leave their mark on the world.Power of nomenclatureWords atomic number 18 amazing. Words mickle be powerful, influential and persuasive.Buddha said, Whatever words we utter should be chosen with c are for people will hear them and be influenced by them for good or ill. Same applies to written words.Let me give you an example of the power of such(prenominal) angelic words and their good or ill influence.A Blind earthly concern was begging with a board in his hand.I am Blind please help meA Guy took the board and changed the statement from that day he first geared Receiving More Charity..He wrote Today is a beautiful Day but I can not see itThat is the power of words,If expressed in a right way..can change many things..You just saw that when the girl cha nged the words on the signboard, people read it, felt it and started giving more charity to the invention man.Perhaps, its the ability of such a writer, through his or her words, to change the way the world thinks.Another example can be that of The JokerJames Holmes is the perpetrator of a mass shooting that occur blushing(a) on July 20, 2012 at a movie theatre in Aurora, Colorado. Holmes allegedly set off several gas or smoke canisters and then opened fire on the theatre audience, killing 12 and wounding 58. According to two federal authorities, Holmes had dyed his hair red and called himself The Joker. Question is, Could some single really be so cold, calculating and bloodthirsty? Well certainly Holmess inspiration, the Joker, was just that. Joker is the character in Christopher Nolans Blockbuster, The Dark Knight. When Christopher Nolan wrote the screenplay, he never thought that his writing and script will have such a negative influence on someone.Brief Account of the topic up to(p) a defy and start reading it or listen carefully to the dialogues of the movie while observance it. In any piece of writing youll run across words, of course, but examine by your senses and youll also find art, crafted, in detail, by a writer proud enough to sign his or her name to the work.In a book or a poem, a play or a short story, a script or even a song, e reallything is thither for a reason to show, to tell, to convey a message. Most works of writing are simply meant for reading. The great ones, those of Angel-Writers, are for learning. Learning to smile, to react, to get shake and strain life beautiful.Features of Angel-WriterSelf- ActualizationA musician must make music, an artist must paint, a poet must write, if he is to be ultimately at public security with himself. What a mancanbe, hemustbe. He must be true to his own nature. Self-actualization is a term theatrical roled in unhomogeneous psychology theories, often in slightly different ways. The psychologis t Abraham Maslow created the term self-actualizing in the 1960s which was based on his assumptions about human potential and partially on his case studies of historical figures whom he believed to be self-actualized.He found that these individuals were very accepting of themselves and of their life circumstances were focussed on finding solutions to cultural problems instead than to personal problems were open to others opinions and ideas had strong senses of privacy, autonomy, human values and appreciation of life.The term can be defined as the full realization of ones potential.As a writer one is of course good at writing but the intrinsic growth of this skill, which is already in him can lead him to become what he is actually capable of. A self-actualized writer is someone who is living creatively and fully using his or her potentials.Most of the similarities that he found in self-actualizers are the key attributes of an Angel-Writer such asRealisticProblem-CenteredPeak Experien cesSolitude and PrivacyPhilosophical Sense of HumourSpontaneityTrust YourselfOnce you know that writing is your life a bit of self-trust can make you unleash the writing skills most truthfully. The lady who won 30000 pounds in a short story disceptation laid emphasis on trusting oneself as a writer. Johann Wolfgang once said, As soon as you trust yourself, you will know how to live and that is when a writer can make the most of himself by fanning the tiny, inner sparks of possibility into flames of achievement.Listen to your inner wisdom.Turn negative emotional energy into a irresponsibleNever let yourself feel condemnedWrite and write againEventually words worth inspiring will come outImplement transportImplement the inspiring thoughts and ideas of yours and those of exemplary people in your written work.Germinate your own seeds of inspiration to harvest a sapling of epic literature.Give your thoughts a way to stand amidst the most hilarious of works.You need not to copy them bu t develop a mindset that could interpret thoughts in a way your nonesuch does.This could be done by reading them or having much of communication with them.4) EloquenceOver the years, authors have described eloquence in various ways. Shakespeare said, words sweetly placed and modestly directed. Cicero, the roman philosopher most notably stated, Eloquence has the power to sway mans mind and move them in every possible way.In particular, eloquent writing usually has a few propertiesDeeplypersuasiveThis doesnt necessarily mean that it is a an argumentative piece simple narration or description in fiction can be persuasive too, in the sense that it pulls you into a world and convinces you that that place is real and immediateStructured very carefullyStructure is always a very important property of a piece of writing, and the structure you choose can vary based on the goal (clarity, brevity, persuasion, etc.)But writing that people describe as eloquent often has an unusually strong sens e of rising action, climax, and denouement. This isthe reason that people mouth about eloquent writing as something that flows.Effective use of literary devicesIt often makeseffective use of literary devices, such as metaphor, imagery, allusion, symbolism, and personification.These devices can be hard to master but are very effective when used properly just think how strong of an impression is left by Robert Frosts absolute poem, The driveway Not Taken.When read aloud, such writing leaves an impression beyond what is on the page.Ethos, Pathos and LogosTheGreek philosopher Aristotledivided the means of persuasion, appeals, into three categoriesEthos, Pathos, and Logos. superstar philosopher who startles me with his ideas is Aristotle. He draws his philosophies from understanding the simplest things in life that happens daily, with pure sensibility.That alone explains how he has his ideas in myriads of subjects ranging from physics to poetry, music to politics, metaphysics to ethic s, theatre to logic, elaborateness to biology, government and zoology.According to Aristotle, rhetoric is the ability, in each particular case, to see the available means of persuasion, that can be described in 3 main form, namely Ethos, Pathos and Logos.Ethos (Credibility),orethical appeal, means convincing by the character of the author or speaker.Pathos (Emotional)means persuading by appealing to the readers emotions.Logos(Logical)means persuading by the use of reasoning.Example of Pursuit of HappinessThe Pursuit of Happiness is a film directed by Gabrielle Muccino and starring Will Smith. This movie tells the story of a man, who because of undeniable circumstances becomes homeless when he is participating in an exclusive unpaid internship at a brokerage company. His character must balance the demands of internship with keeping up with his old salesman job so that he may support him and his young son as they struggle to survive.Smiths character uses a healthy dose of logos, eth os, and pity to appeal to superiors, landlords, and others to help him in his journey to chase after his dream.The audience goes through his difficult journey and comes out the other side just as excited as the main characters.This can be clearly explained with the help of this clip.thither are a lot of people who got inspired after watching this scene and hearing this little speech and were motivated to achieve what they can. While reading the YouTube comments about this movie I realized how people got influenced to do swell up in life by the effect of such influential writing.Example of the AlchemistA living example of an Angel Writer is Paulo Coelho. One of the books he wrote was The Alchemist. It is one of the best- selling books in history and has been translated into 71 languages as of 2011.The books main theme is about finding ones destiny. The Alchemist follows a young Andalusia shepherd boy named Santiago in his journey to Egypt, after having a recurring dream of finding treasure there.Along the way, he encounters love, danger, opportunity and learns a lot about himself and the ways of the world. He realizes that if he follows his heart, he shall find what it is he seeks.Coelho wrote The Alchemist in only two weeks in 1987. He said he was able to write at this footmark because the story was already written in his soul. The Alchemist has inspired numerous bands and directors. It will soon be filmed by Harvey Weinstein.For me this book has a special importance. disaster tell you why. When I was in the middle of nowhere and was lost without a goal in life, one night, I by chance read this book in 4 hours and slept. The very next morning I felt so inspired that thoughts and ideas flung into my mind. I got stick to them and started writing.Journey to DestinyFrom the eyes of thoseThere world is what I seeBut I have my own dreams to follow,To realize my destinyAt times when the desert seemed nowhere close to off the beaten track(predicate)I sensed an oa sis as I sighted that starThis is when the omens played their partA wish, a blessing and a desire to startI flew with the wind,On that deserted landThe song it sang, the music it had,Was the one that only I could understand.The quest for my treasureBegan with the dreams in my mindAs I looked for myself,I knew what I wanted in life.Wherever my heart liesThere my treasure is supposed to beThis is when the universe conspired,And I realized my destiny.This is how he inspired me to feelto write and most importantlyto discover.ConclusionEveryones life is governed by an internal code of conduct. Words, when skilfully controlled by a master, carries with them the power to alter this code. In simple words, Writers are those who are Good at Writing. They use experiences, knowledge and skill to pen down words. There are writers who with the power of their imagination, kidnap me and take me in a different world altogether, a world full of adventures, ghosts, princesses, elves, superheroes and w hat not. Then there are writers who give me the most wonderful learning experiences with the beauty of their writing. The songs, written with such great feel, bring me back to life in times of despair and also bless me with extra ounces of happiness when I am whooping with joy. The graph of my thoughts and emotions has shown earthshaking variations by the impact of those words I listen. From that little fifty- second life-changing scene from Pursuit of Happiness to the much controversial last three lines of the last stanza of Robert Frosts Road not Taken, I have witnessed a change in myself every time I read and hear. I read their booksI watch their moviesI hear their songsand I learn their poems by heart. In return, I am entertained to a point where I tend to forget all my worries and touched so copious inside that I get the rare zeal to help others. Not only this, I also feel the guilt that stops me from doing bad deeds. I am a reader and I coin all such Master of Words as Angel Writers cause they change lives for better.

Surface Tension of Deionized Water | Experiment

Surface Tension of Deionized Water ExperimentAbstractSurface accent of deionized piddle was measured across a range of 0 ml to 4.8 ml of two different compounds by dope offping a solute onto a penny until the surface tension was broken. The uncertainty in the measurements varied between 0.02 0.11 for grain booty and 0.6 0.14 for table salt. Reference tables and charts were developed using the investigateal data.IntroductionWater is very important to either biological systems on Earth and is angiotensin converting enzyme of the more than unique molecules. With prohibited it life on Earth, or possibly on another(prenominal) planets, could not exist. The molecular structure of peeing is what makes it so unique. Water is a polar covalent molecule meaning that one part of the molecule stinkpot have a positive charge and the other part a negative charge. Because peeing is a partially polar molecule it possesses many important biological characteristics that make it crucial t o creating and maintaining life on Earth. (Conway, A, et al.)The partial signal of water is important as it throw ins soluble polar molecules and ionic compounds to dissolve in it, such as booty and salt. This allows fundamental biological reactions to occur which atomic number 18 crucial to life. Another important characteristic of water is hydrogen bonding. This is a weak bond that forms between hydrogen atoms and other nearby atoms. This bond is comp allowed between the negatively charged oxygen atom of a water molecule and the positively charged hydrogen atoms of another nearby water molecule. (Conway, A, et al.) total heat bonds also display two other characteristics which are cohesion and surface tension. Surface tension is defined as the expression of the resistance which eloquents show in response to an increase in their surface area. This is ca utilise by the strong attraction of molecules of the same kind in the surface layer of the transparent which is called cohe sion. Cohesion causes the silver to behave as if it were covered in a thin membrane under tension. This is a result of the molecules in the interior of the liquid interacting equally with molecules from all sides, while oxygen molecules at the surface of the liquid are only affected by the molecules below it. The stronger surface bonds generate a net self-whispered force, pulling the surface molecules toward the middle of a droplet of liquid which causes the molecules to resist being pulled apart. (University of Hawaii)As gravity presses down on a droplet of liquid, the cohesive forces inside the liquid are stronger than the force of gravity within the small surface area which allows the droplet to hold its shape. As more droplets are added to the surface area the more molecules are added and the bigger the droplets surface area becomes. As the size of the surface area increases, the amount of force that gravity exerts on the surface of the droplet also increases. As more molecule s are added to the droplet, the cohesive forces inside the liquid will struggle to hold its shape. The force of gravity will eventually overpower the cohesive forces within the liquid and the droplet will break.Apparatus/Method/ProcedureFor this test the following apparatuses and compounds were usedDeionized water at room temperatureGranulated earningsTable salt unrivaled penny maven 1.0 ml syringePlastic shapesToothpicksPaper towelsAbout 30 ml of deionized water was added to 5 plastic cups and numbered 1 through 5. In the first cup the deionized water was left just as it is. In the second through the fifth cups, form sugar was added in multiples of about 1.2 ml. The sugar mixture in distributively cup was swirled and mixed with a toothpick until fully fade away. One further cup filled with about 100 ml of deionized water was also used for rinsing the syringe.Cup NumberDeionized WaterGranulated Sugar Added (multiples of about 1.2 ml)130 ml0230 ml1330 ml2430 ml3530 ml4One newer looking penny was washed thoroughly with hot water, dried completely with a paper towel and placed on a flat cipher surface. The syringe was past filled completely to the 1.0 ml line using the first cup of deionized water. The water was then released from the syringe onto the surface of the penny drop by drop until the surface tension broke and the water spilled over the side of the penny. The amount of liquid used right up until the surface tension broke was then recorded for each cup. The amount of convictions the syringe needed to be filled for each cup was also recorded.This was then tell five times for each cup with increasing amounts of granulate sugar. The penny was rinsed in hot water between each cup. The syringe was also rinsed out between each cup from the extra cup of deionized water. The same side of the penny was used throughout the experiment to ensure continuity.The entire experiment was then carried out again using increasing multiples of table salt.Results and Discussion Granulated SugarJust Water1.2 ml2.4 ml3.6 ml4.8 ml nary(prenominal) Times Syringe FilledCup 11.521.651.661.451.452Cup 21.551.621.651.51.522Cup 31.571.671.611.51.452Cup 41.591.591.51.41.422Cup 51.31.661.551.411.4527.538.197.977.267.27 /51.511.641.591.541.450.110.090.060.040.02Table 1 Results of granulated sugar experiment.The values of each set of cups were added together to get the mean or . The bosom was then divided by 5, which is the number of tests that were conducted from each cup, to get an average number for each set of tests. In exampleJust water-granulated sugar experiment-1.521.551.571.591.30 /5 = 1.5061.51 squared was then subtracted from each cup result- 1.52 (1.51 = 0.00011.55 (1.51 = 0.00161.57 (1.51 = 0.00361.59 (1.51 = 0.00641.30 (1.51 = 0.0441The square root of sum over 4 was then done to get the standard refraction or .SoThis was then repeated for all cups with the results listed on tables 1 and 2.TableSaltJust Water1.2 ml2.4 ml3.6 ml4.8 mlNo. Ti mes Syringe FilledCup 11.511.51.371.31.42Cup 21.751.461.391.21.452Cup 31.431.251.31.241.352Cup 41.671.451.431.351.32Cup 51.431.451.271.351.2527.797.156.766.446.75 /51.591.431.351.291.350.140.10.060.060.07Table 2 Results of table salt experiment.The pooled sample variance was then taken for both the granulated sugar and the table salt. First all the squared readings were added together and then divided by 24Granulated Sugar Table salt The sum was then square rooted to get the pooled standard deviation.Pooled Standard ErrorPooled T StatisticGranulated Sugar Table salt Graph 1 Results of granulated sugar experiment.Graph 2 Results of table salt experiment.1. What effect(s) are the solutes having on the surface tension of water?The surface tension results for the granulated sugar experiment varied depending on how much sugar was in each cup. Interestingly the highest surface tension results were from cups 2 and 3. The higher surface tension of the sugar may result from how well the sug ar was dissolved in the water as it was much harder to dissolve than the table salt.As expected, the table salt results in each cup showed a slight decrease in the surface tension of the water compared with the plain distilled water.2. Are your findings consistent and reproducible?A consistent water temperature was maintained throughout the experiment as well as using the same penny and the same side of the penny. Results were slightly inconsistent from the same cup but this could be attributed to how far away I was holding the syringe from the penny and how fast I was dropping the water. The inconsistencies were very minimal and the results can be reproduced inside the margin of error.3. Can you explain the scientific basis for any effects observed?Depending on the compound added to the water it will either, cause a lower surface tension by depleting the surface molecules at the water air interface, or make the bonds stronger by pulling more molecules toward the middle of the dropl et which increases the water air interface.As the sugar was harder to dissolve in the water, the solute concentrated more on the surface thereby making the bonds stronger. The negative result from the salt can be attributed to the salt staying in the solute rather than concentrating on the surface.4. Are there alternative explanations?None that I can find.5. Does the chemical nature of the solute matter? just about liquids have stronger cohesive forces than others. Water molecules have some of the strongest cohesive forces due to being a polar covalent molecule. The stronger the cohesive bonds are inside the liquid, the larger a droplet will be able to grow before it is overcome by the force of gravity.6. Do your results agree with the same or similar measurements that you office find in the literature?The results of this experiment came out as expected according the literature in provided to us as well as in the citations both with the varied results of the granulated sugar and th e generally descending results of the table salt.7. Are there any sources of inaccuracy or potential flaws in the methodology used? Can you suggest modifications to the experimental protocol in the light of your evaluations? How far away the syringe was held from the penny as well as how fast the drops were let either increased or decreased the surface tension. How well the penny was cleaned in between each test could also affect the surface tension. To improve the results a drop counter could be used which precisely controls the amount of liquid in each drop as well as the time between drops.8. Link your work to the concepts introduced in the introductory passage of this experimental brief. Think about how the results might have relevance to the initial formation of life, and hypothesize on how they relate to the module materials in Sections 1 to 6. ie discuss the experiment in the context of Astrobiology. Water is crucial to the formation of life on Earth as its able to dissolve many common substances making known as the universal solvent. This is important as reactants must be dissolved in water for most biological reactions to occur. The hydrogen bonds formed by water are also important as they can be comprise in the DNA of many living organisms as it helps to keep the DNA chains together. The high surface tension of water and its cohesive properties of water allow trees and plants to pull water up from their roots to their leaves. This same process is also essential for blood transport in animals. For life to form on other planets it can be assumed that it will need a solvent like water to enable chemical reactions and to transport materials. (Conway, A, et al.)ConclusionOverall the experiment succeeded in showing that the strength of a cohesive bond inside the solute is dependent upon which compound is dissolved in it. It also showed that the cohesive bond in the surface tension of the solvent is also effected by how much of the compound was dissolved in the solute. Differences existed in the experimental data of the granulated sugar and the table salt, however, these can be accounted for by experimental error.Bibliography Conway, A, et al. 2003. Origin of Life. 2003. In Rothery, Gilmour and Sephton (eds). An Introduction to Astrobiology. pp. 3-15, 8-10. Cambridge University Press.University of Hawaii. 2017. Types of Covalent Bonds Polar and Nonpolar. ONLINE ready(prenominal) at https//manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/?q=chemical/properties-water/types-covalent-bonds-polar-and-nonpolar. Accessed 27 February 2017.Shakhashiri . 2011. Water. ONLINE Available at http//scifun.chem.wisc.edu/CHEMWEEK/PDF/COW-Water-Jan2011.pdf. Accessed 27 February 2017.

Interest of Stakeholders and Copyright Law

chase of Stake toters and Copyright LawIntroductionCopyright legality has been developed into major unwrap when it comes to the interest between the stakeholders as the technologies today are evolving in decent speed. Copying an intellectual property with divulge the authorisation of the declareer is an infringement under the law of united Kingdom and European Union. Under European right of first publication law, art.2 of Directive 2001/29/EC claimd that authors, producers and performers will possess the exclusive right for the fostering of their own whole kit and boodle.1 However, when it comes to hush-hush write, there is an excommunication under the directive with certain conditions. This could be said as the balance of the interest between the secure owner and user of the products. A cliquish copy is defined as whatever copy for non-commercial purposes neither directly or indirectly by a natural psyche for psycheal use.2The private copy exception is provided i n the art.5(2)b of the DIRECTIVE 2001/29/EC, where Member conveys whitethorn provide for exceptions or limitations to the reproductions on any medium make by a natural person for private use and for ends that are neither directly nor indirectly commercial, the right holders receive fair pay which takes government none of the action or non-application of technological measures referred to in Article 6 to the ply or subject-matter concerned 3 The would permit someone to format shift (i.e. shift sate from one format to a nonher) or space-shift (i.e. move content to different personal devices or media) and back-up copies that they have acquired.4As a mechanism for fair compensation, 22 out of 27 European Union members have chosen to meet the requirement through a levy placement5 The fair compensation or the levy system of private copying mainly to compensate the copyright owner for the potential harms to their works due to private copying.6 In Padawan SL v Sociedad General de Au tores y Editores de Espana (SGAE), the hail held that held that fair compensation is an autonomous concept of EU law which had to be interpreted uniformly in all the Member States that had introduced a private copying exceptionalthough it is open to the Member States, pursuant to Article 5(2)(b) of Directive 2001/29, to introduce a private copying exception to the authors exclusive reproduction right laid down in European Union law, those Member States which make use of that option must provide for the payment of fair compensation to authors affected by the application of that exception. An interpretation according to which Member States which have introduced an identical exception of that kind, provided for by European Union law and including, as set out in recitals 35 and 38 in the preamble thereto the concept of fair compensation as an essential element, are free to determine the limits in an mismated and un-harmonised manner which may vary from one Member State to another, wo uld be incompatible with the objective of that directive7The exception had to satisfy a three-step-test provided in art.5 of the Directive ( excessively in Art.9.2 of the Berne Convention, Art.10 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty and Art.13 of the TRIPS Agreement).8 The exception can lone(prenominal) be applied in certain special cases which do not conflict with a convention exploitation of the work or other subject-matter and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the right holder.9 Legislators of Member States must take into throwaway the criteria provided in the test when implementing the exception to the copyright in national legislation.10There are still uncertainties in the scope of this exception. When it comes to the second step of the test, the phrase everyday exploitation remain as a broad and unclear concept. 11 To pr even offt most of the infringement of exploitation, the definition of the phrase need to be interpreted in clear and restrictive approach to limit certain range of exploitation of works. reference is often make to the WTO Panels report, in which the criterion of sane exploitation was deemed to feign consideration of the forms of exploitation that currently generate an income for the author as well as those which will be probably important in the future.12, it could impose a status quo and prevent any extension of exceptions to new situations unforeseen by the letter of the text, but which could derive from its spirit. On the other hand, reference to future exploitations runs the fortune of paralyzing exceptions every time a skillful evolution allows to control previously uncontrollable uses, and thus creates new possibilities for exploitation.13 As concerns the control by right holders of the uses of their works through technical measures, this could even lead, in the long run, to the disappearance of limitations in the digital environment.14 , a conflict with the normal exploitation can barely materialise if the author is deprived of a current or potential market of considerable economic and practical importance.15One of the offspring regarding this point is that art.5(2)(b) didnt expressly state that whether the private copy exception only refer to copies from lawful sources, or involving the copies from illegal sources. Due to this uncertain area, the exception does not actual provide the copyright holders to authorise or prohibit the users from making a private copy. Nonetheless, the uncertainty could not be leading to the meaning of that the provision could demand the copyright holders to live on with the infringement of rights within private copy.This issue occurs in Netherland, where the Government of Netherland give tongue to that the source of copy is irrelevant despite it is criminal. The reason provided by the Government is that perfect downloading is not a form of reproducing or making available. However, the Government held that the damages caused by illegal downloading to the copyright holder will be compensated by blank levies. The Government confirmed that only the act of uploading the unlawful content would be considered as an act of infringement, sort of of mere downloading the work. The blank levies provided for illegal downloading could seen as protecting the interest of copyright holders as it would be practically impossible to enforce copyrights within the private copy area.16However, the legality of the sources of reproduction is matter to private copy exception. Court of Justice of European Union(CJEU) in the case of ACI Adam BV v Stichting de Thuiskopie 17mentioned that Member States should not permitting private copy exception for any reproductions from unlawful sources as it could lead to negative impact on the functioning of the internal market18. In fact, tolerate to the unlawful distribution of illegal works would only legitimatise the act of infringement and will not minimising the act of illegal downloading. Thus, the CJEU said, art.5(2)(b) seek to ensure the proper functioning of the internal market and ensuring proper support for the spread of cultural works.19Why illegal downloading from unlawful sources shall not be legalised? First, legalising the act of illegal downloading would promote piracy, which would reduce the sales of the works from lawful sources and contravene the normal exploitation of works. Allowing illegal downloading would put the copyright holders in a position where they have to unreasonably tolerate the act of infringements, and this is clearly discriminating their legitimate interests.20To clearly distinguish copying from unlawful sources from private copy exception, the national legislators could achieve it by implementing a condition into the law that prohibit the acts of reproduction from the source that is plain unlawful. 21 This approach has been taken by certain Member States to clarify the downloading act from unlawful sources not to be recognised as private copy. The Germa n legislator expressly did in his first implementation act of the Directive (s.53(1) of the law of September 13, 2003, also called the first basket). Spain follow a similar solution in the law of July 7, 2006, stating in Art.31.2 that the reproduction must be made from a legally accessed source to qualify as private copy. 22Still today, it remains uncertain whether private copying is a mere defence or is actually enforceable against undue restrictions23. In fact, even where private copying is statutorily permitted, right holders may foreclose its exercise by relying upon technological protection measures or through licensing terms. To develop this interesting thesis more in detail, as the perspective adopted is mainly an EU one, it would have been interesting to include a discussion on the history behind the drafting of art.5 of the InfoSoc Directive (this is the relevant provision on copyright exceptions and limitations, including private copying).24However, the problem with the t hree-step test is probably to be found elsewhere in the Directive of 2001. There, the test seems to be addressed not only to the national legislature but also to national try ons.36 This gives it a broader scope than in the international conventions.37 Judges may be required to examine whether the application of a limitation in a specific case respects the conditions of Art.5.5. National courts in Europe have already analysed the application of national limitations to copyright in the light of the three-step test.38 Indeed, it is difficult to dispute judicial reliance on the test where it has been implemented in national law.39The danger of such an approach is unambiguous the private copy is at risk of being challenged by judges. Its scope risks dramatic reduction. The finish of February 28, 2006 of the French Supreme Court delivers an outstanding example.40 In this a great deal commentated decision, the Supreme Court applied for the first time Art.5.5 of the directive in order to overcome the application of an exception in favour of a technical protection measure, arguing abstractly and generally that the private copy of a DVD conflicts with the normal exploitation of the work, without providing a definition of this term at any time.41 To avoid such misuse of the test, some guidelines *E.I.P.R. 128 for the judges of how to interpret the test in a more balanced way should urgently be worked out. The scoopful Planck Institute for Intellectual Property and the Queen Mary University of London jointly put in place a working group of European scholars that are currently working on this issue.42 tete-a-tete Copy Exception in United KingdomCopyright law in the United Kingdom has been evolving in recent years and the changes started to get significant since the Gowers look into of 2006 and the Hargreaves Review of 2011, gathering pace with the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013.25 The report in Hargreaves Review of intellectual property and the digital ma rket in May 2011, recommend that the UK should implement the exception to ensure that the law kept up with digital copyright use.26 For the first time, the UK legislator had implement the private copy exception into the national law. The exception was introduced by s.28B of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act(CDPA) of 1988. This section of CDPA was enforced on October 1, 2014.27 The new act implemented only allow copy from lawful sources for private purpose of individual concerned only. This exception does not include the passing of copy to family and friends which was allowed in the Directive. such(prenominal) an exception would permit people legally to copy any work that they had access to and it would be easy to obtain copies of works without paying for them.28 As to the narrower implementation, the Government stated that such implementation would cause no more than minimal or zero harm to the copyright holders. Based on this condition, there were no compensation provided for copyright holders in S.28B CDPA by the UK Government.29Problem with S.28B of CDPAThe exception provided by the Directive allow the passing of copies to family or friend but the exception implemented in UK legislation prohibited such act. prof Hargreaves suggested the Government should introduce an exception to allow individuals to make copies for their own use and that of their immediate family on different media. Importantly, Professor Hargreaves thought that the question of compensation was wrapped up in the copyright holders freedom to choose an appropriate priceRights-holders will be free to keep an eye on whatever compensation the market will provide by taking account of consumers freedom to act in this way and by setting prices accordingly.30The biggest issue in the S.28B of CDPA is that the fair compensation as provided by the directive is not implemented into the exception. Based on the directive, fair compensation to the copyright holders only could be exempt if the damage caused would be de minimis or minimal. 31However, the UK Government commissioned a research study and impact assessment that showed the harm that would likely cause to the copyright holders due to the private copying acts permitted in S.28B of CDPA would be minimal. The main reason is that the exception only applies to rightfully acquired copies which the copyright holders would receive the sufficient remuneration at the sales of the works, which the compensation was already priced in.32Quashing of S.28B CDPAThe exception introduced by UK Government had been challenged after it had been introduced by British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors, Musicians Union and UK Music 2009 Limited. The parties had applied for judicial check on the newly introduced exception on the basis that it failed to provide fair compensation as in the Directive to the copyright holders which would be unlawful.33The main issue leads to the quashing of the Regulation is that whether there is rec ount of the harm to the copyright holders which would be minimal to determine that compensation scheme is not required as provided by the Regulation.34 The judge reviewed the evidence provided in Governments Updated Impact Assessment and stated that evidence to prove the harm is minimal do not meet the satisfactory level.35 The judge also criticised the IPO Research Report provided as evidence that lack of consumer surveys, price analysis and comparative analysis with other Member States.36How the Exception Affect the Interest of StakeholdersWhen it comes to the interest of the copyright holders, we would straight pinpoint to the fair compensation issue. The reproductions of works are getting easier and wider due to advancement of technology. As downloading from unlawful sources would not be considered as private copying, CJEU in its decision in ACI Adam stated that the levy system would not be applied to illegal downloading from unlawful sources.37 Such development had great impac t on certain countries which dont distinguish between lawful and unlawful sources for private copy exception. 38However, as large part of copies made online from unlawful sources, the levy system should be implemented to compensate such condition as only compensating copies made from lawful resources would left the copyright holders to expatriate the losses. Copyright holders had to prosecute the users to get remuneration for copies from unlawful sources. Such approach does not balance the interest of copyright holders if the users continue to access the unlawful sources instead of the legal online services provided.39 Distinguishing illegal downloading from the exception would make the law serves better, but it taken away the minimum damages to be suffered by the copyright holder as online piracy and illegal downloading would not reduce merely due to removing such act from private copy exception. The decease of compensation for copyright holders would not be a reasonable solution as private copying is increasing. The interest of the copyright holders would be harmed due to such limitation instead of getting protected.40Recent DevelopmentIn Entidad de Gestion de Derechos de los Productores Audiovisuales (EGEDA) v Administracion del Estado, the funding scheme of Spanish for private copy exception was criticised by the ECJ, where the court held that the scheme does not contract the live of such compensation would solely bear by the user who made private copy.41In Case C-521/11 Amazon.com (11th July 2013) at paragraph 20, in relation to the person who has to pay, the Court confirmed that since the provisions of Directive 2001/29 do not expressly address the issue of who is to pay that compensation, the Member States do it broad discretion when determining who must discharge that obligation42However, the ECJ held that the Copyright Directive shall precludes budgetary scheme such as the scheme established in Spain to work as fair compensation to the copyright h olders due to the private copy of their works as such scheme would involve a legal person who did not conduct such reproduction to bear the funding with those who make reproduction of works for private purpose. As the scheme could not guarantee the cost of that fair compensation is ultimately borne solely by the users of who make private copies, it shall not be treated as the fair compensation to the copyright holders even though Member States have the discretion to determine the legal person to bear such obligation.431 European contender Law Review 2011 Case gossip Copying levies moving towards harmonisation? The European Court rules on the concept of fair compensation for rightholders Bill Batchelor Tom Jenkins Matthew Butter2 International Survey on mystic Copying Law Practice 20153 Art. 5(2)b of DIRECTIVE 2001/29/EC4 Paragraph 91 R. (on the application of British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors) v Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills promote Bench Division (Administrative Court)5 https//www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/310183/ipresearch-faircomp-201110.pdf6 pastime Law Review 2009 Finland copyright Mikko Manner7 Paragraph 36 Padawan SL v Sociedad General de Autores y Editores de Espana (SGAE) (C-467/08)8 European Intellectual Property Review 2008 The answer to the machine should not be the machine safeguarding the private copy exception in the digital environment Christophe Geiger9 Art. 5(5) of DIRECTIVE 2001/29/EC10 Refer to no.811Refer to no.812 THE ROLE OF THE THREE-STEP TEST IN THE ADAPTATION OF COPYRIGHT LAW TO THE INFORMATION SOCIETY Christophe Geiger13 In this sense also M. Buydens and S. Dusollier, Les exceptions au droit dauteur volutions dangereuses Comm. com. lectr. Sept. 2001, p. 13 J. C. Ginsburg (prec. note 20), p. 48, which underlines the risk that the traditionally free uses, such as for training purposes or parody, be considered as normal exploitations, supposing that right holders manage to implement a profitable collecting system.14 See also in this sense M. Buydens and S. Dusollier (prec. note 30), p. 12. For more developments, see C. Geiger (prec. note 8), n 418 and s.15 International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law 2006 The private copy exception, an area of freedom (temporarily) preserved in the digital environment Christophe Geiger16 Entertainment Law Review 2008 Case newsmonger Netherlands copyright home copying Diederik Stols17 ACI Adam BV v Stichting de Thuiskopie18 Entertainment Law Review 2014 Case Comment Private copying levies, illegal online sources and the private use defence Case C-435/12 ACI Adam BV v Stichting de Thuiskopie1 Kirsten Toft19 Refer to no.1820 International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law 2015 Case Comment Private copying and downloading from unlawful sources Joao Pedro Quintais21 Refer to no.822 Refer to no.823 European Intellectual Property Review 2013 Publication Review Private Copying The Scope of User Freedom in EU Digital Copyright Stavroula Karapapa Reviewed by Eleonora Rosati*2425 Entertainment Law Review 2015 Case Comment You vocalise you want a renewing judicial review of the UKs private copying exception James Sead Rebecca Pakenham-Walsh26 European Intellectual Property Review 2015 Case Comment A damp in private copying judicial review holds the UK private copying exception to be unlawful because there was no evidence to support the decision not to provide compensation to rights holders Joel Smith Heather Newton*27 s.28B of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act of 198828 Para 71 R. (on the application of British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors) v Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills Queens Bench Division (Administrative Court)29 European Intellectual Property Review 2015 Case Comment A pause in private copying judicial review holds the UK private copying exception to be unlawful because there was no evide nce to support the decision not to provide compensation to rights holders Joel Smith Heather Newton*30 Paragraph 53 of R. (on the application of British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors) v Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills Queens Bench Division (Administrative Court)31 Recital (35) of Directive 2001/29/EC32 European Intellectual Property Review 2015 A comparative study on the reproduction by natural persons for private use exception to copyright in the UK and France Myriam Otaola Allende*33 European Intellectual Property Review 2015 Case Comment A pause in private copying judicial review holds the UK private copying exception to be unlawful because there was no evidence to support the decision not to provide compensation to rights holders Joel Smith Heather Newton*34 Entertainment Law Review 2015 Case Comment You say you want a revolution judicial review of the UKs private copying exception James Seadon* Rebecca Pakenham-Walsh35 European Intellectua l Property Review 2015 Case Comment A pause in private copying judicial review holds the UK private copying e

Blue Stragglers :: essays research papers

Blue StragglersScientists have recently found that odd stars know, as blue stragglers may be the product of meeting between two, and possibly more, older stars. This may result in finding out a 50 year-old mystery of the blue stragglers.Even in heavy(a) areas stars a typically billions, if not, trillions, of miles apart. But stars may have the occasional chance to collide in global clusters, which are dense groupings of up to a cardinal stars wit tightly packed cores. Some global clusters are among the oldest structures in the universe, about 15 billion years old, all the stars in the clusters are known as red giants that have puffed up to there outermost atmospheres. In these clusters the presence of blue stragglers have baffled astronomers since the 1950s. Each of these stars less than a billion years old.Scientist recently realized that the collision of the older stars in the clusters could merge together to form one young one. Because of the stars mass a change determining t he age of the star. Red being cool, blue being hot. Heavy stars burning fast, lighter stars undergoing a slow burn.Blue stragglers appear to be create by the collision of stars known as main sequence turnoff stars. These are stars that have reached the end of their lives and are about to become red giants. quaternity of the Five blue stragglers examined were just the mass the astronomers expected had two stars collided. The fifth was so much heavier than expected that Saffer, C. Rex, of Villanova University, suspects that three or more stars collided from it. When astronomers have make a computer model, and one scenario is that a lighter star crashes into a heavier one at 500,000 miles per hour, leaving behind a huge wake. Then buries itself at the core of the larger star, setting up massive shock waves on the stars surface. The newly formed, combined star can take anywhere from hundered of thousands of years to ten million years to settle down into a new, stable star.

Abolishing the Death Penalty Essay -- Capital Punishment Justice Essay

Abolishing the Death PenaltyWhen taking a human life in response to a crime, a state is acting on behalf of all of its citizens. Capital penalisation is an expensive procedure with permanent ramifications. It is therefore very important that the matter of capital punishment be seriously reconsidered. In order to protect all of Americas citizens, I recommend that congress approve a constitutional amendment that readsThe states and the federal government shall non under any circumstances execute anyone. All prisoners currently under sentence of death shall have the mightily to a new trial.The reasons for such an amendment complicate the inherent immorality of capital punishment, its inconsistent application and its unjustified costs. The moral foundations followed today by nearly every nation were laid in 1949. With the horrors of orb War II fresh in the minds of every government, nearly all of the worlds nations sent delegates to San Francisco and formed the United Nations Genera l Assembly to draft the Universal closure of Human Rights. These rights, it was reasoned, are inherent in every human being. They are not privileges that may be granted by governments for good behavior and they may not be withdrawn for bad behavior (Amnesty International 1). Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights reads, Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of individual. This right to life cannot be abridged by any government because the treaty states it is one of the inalienable rights of all members of the human family. Furthermore, Article 5 declares that no person shall be subjected to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. It is not difficult to assume that killing someone is regarded as degrading... ...Evolving Context of the Post-Furman Era. 1988. Social Forces vol. 66.Porter, Phil. The economic science of Capital penalisation. 1998. <http//www.mindspring.com/philporter/econ.htmlScalia, Antonin. A Call for reckoning Religion and the death Penalty. Speech delivered 25 Jan. 2002.Sherrill, Robert. Death Trip The American Way of Execution. The Nation. 8 Jan. 2001.Thompson v. Oklahoma, 487 U.S. 815. 1988.Trombley, S. The Execution protocol Inside Americas Capital Punishment Industry. New York Crown Publishers, 1992.U.S. Bishops. Statement on Capital Punishment. Nov. 1980. <http//www.osjspm.org/cst/cappun.htm 21 Feb. 2003.U.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics. Capital Punishment 2001. 2001. <http//www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/ascii/cp01.txtWeisberg, J. This is Your Death, The New Republic, July 1, 1991.