Surface Tension of Deionized Water | Experiment

Surface Tension of Deionized Water ExperimentAbstractSurface accent of deionized piddle was measured across a range of 0 ml to 4.8 ml of two different compounds by dope offping a solute onto a penny until the surface tension was broken. The uncertainty in the measurements varied between 0.02 0.11 for grain booty and 0.6 0.14 for table salt. Reference tables and charts were developed using the investigateal data.IntroductionWater is very important to either biological systems on Earth and is angiotensin converting enzyme of the more than unique molecules. With prohibited it life on Earth, or possibly on another(prenominal) planets, could not exist. The molecular structure of peeing is what makes it so unique. Water is a polar covalent molecule meaning that one part of the molecule stinkpot have a positive charge and the other part a negative charge. Because peeing is a partially polar molecule it possesses many important biological characteristics that make it crucial t o creating and maintaining life on Earth. (Conway, A, et al.)The partial signal of water is important as it throw ins soluble polar molecules and ionic compounds to dissolve in it, such as booty and salt. This allows fundamental biological reactions to occur which atomic number 18 crucial to life. Another important characteristic of water is hydrogen bonding. This is a weak bond that forms between hydrogen atoms and other nearby atoms. This bond is comp allowed between the negatively charged oxygen atom of a water molecule and the positively charged hydrogen atoms of another nearby water molecule. (Conway, A, et al.) total heat bonds also display two other characteristics which are cohesion and surface tension. Surface tension is defined as the expression of the resistance which eloquents show in response to an increase in their surface area. This is ca utilise by the strong attraction of molecules of the same kind in the surface layer of the transparent which is called cohe sion. Cohesion causes the silver to behave as if it were covered in a thin membrane under tension. This is a result of the molecules in the interior of the liquid interacting equally with molecules from all sides, while oxygen molecules at the surface of the liquid are only affected by the molecules below it. The stronger surface bonds generate a net self-whispered force, pulling the surface molecules toward the middle of a droplet of liquid which causes the molecules to resist being pulled apart. (University of Hawaii)As gravity presses down on a droplet of liquid, the cohesive forces inside the liquid are stronger than the force of gravity within the small surface area which allows the droplet to hold its shape. As more droplets are added to the surface area the more molecules are added and the bigger the droplets surface area becomes. As the size of the surface area increases, the amount of force that gravity exerts on the surface of the droplet also increases. As more molecule s are added to the droplet, the cohesive forces inside the liquid will struggle to hold its shape. The force of gravity will eventually overpower the cohesive forces within the liquid and the droplet will break.Apparatus/Method/ProcedureFor this test the following apparatuses and compounds were usedDeionized water at room temperatureGranulated earningsTable salt unrivaled penny maven 1.0 ml syringePlastic shapesToothpicksPaper towelsAbout 30 ml of deionized water was added to 5 plastic cups and numbered 1 through 5. In the first cup the deionized water was left just as it is. In the second through the fifth cups, form sugar was added in multiples of about 1.2 ml. The sugar mixture in distributively cup was swirled and mixed with a toothpick until fully fade away. One further cup filled with about 100 ml of deionized water was also used for rinsing the syringe.Cup NumberDeionized WaterGranulated Sugar Added (multiples of about 1.2 ml)130 ml0230 ml1330 ml2430 ml3530 ml4One newer looking penny was washed thoroughly with hot water, dried completely with a paper towel and placed on a flat cipher surface. The syringe was past filled completely to the 1.0 ml line using the first cup of deionized water. The water was then released from the syringe onto the surface of the penny drop by drop until the surface tension broke and the water spilled over the side of the penny. The amount of liquid used right up until the surface tension broke was then recorded for each cup. The amount of convictions the syringe needed to be filled for each cup was also recorded.This was then tell five times for each cup with increasing amounts of granulate sugar. The penny was rinsed in hot water between each cup. The syringe was also rinsed out between each cup from the extra cup of deionized water. The same side of the penny was used throughout the experiment to ensure continuity.The entire experiment was then carried out again using increasing multiples of table salt.Results and Discussion Granulated SugarJust Water1.2 ml2.4 ml3.6 ml4.8 ml nary(prenominal) Times Syringe FilledCup 11.521.651.661.451.452Cup 21.551.621.651.51.522Cup 31.571.671.611.51.452Cup 41.591.591.51.41.422Cup 51.31.661.551.411.4527.538.197.977.267.27 /51.511.641.591.541.450.110.090.060.040.02Table 1 Results of granulated sugar experiment.The values of each set of cups were added together to get the mean or . The bosom was then divided by 5, which is the number of tests that were conducted from each cup, to get an average number for each set of tests. In exampleJust water-granulated sugar experiment-1.521.551.571.591.30 /5 = 1.5061.51 squared was then subtracted from each cup result- 1.52 (1.51 = 0.00011.55 (1.51 = 0.00161.57 (1.51 = 0.00361.59 (1.51 = 0.00641.30 (1.51 = 0.0441The square root of sum over 4 was then done to get the standard refraction or .SoThis was then repeated for all cups with the results listed on tables 1 and 2.TableSaltJust Water1.2 ml2.4 ml3.6 ml4.8 mlNo. Ti mes Syringe FilledCup 11.511.51.371.31.42Cup 21.751.461.391.21.452Cup 31.431.251.31.241.352Cup 41.671.451.431.351.32Cup 51.431.451.271.351.2527.797.156.766.446.75 /51.591.431.351.291.350.140.10.060.060.07Table 2 Results of table salt experiment.The pooled sample variance was then taken for both the granulated sugar and the table salt. First all the squared readings were added together and then divided by 24Granulated Sugar Table salt The sum was then square rooted to get the pooled standard deviation.Pooled Standard ErrorPooled T StatisticGranulated Sugar Table salt Graph 1 Results of granulated sugar experiment.Graph 2 Results of table salt experiment.1. What effect(s) are the solutes having on the surface tension of water?The surface tension results for the granulated sugar experiment varied depending on how much sugar was in each cup. Interestingly the highest surface tension results were from cups 2 and 3. The higher surface tension of the sugar may result from how well the sug ar was dissolved in the water as it was much harder to dissolve than the table salt.As expected, the table salt results in each cup showed a slight decrease in the surface tension of the water compared with the plain distilled water.2. Are your findings consistent and reproducible?A consistent water temperature was maintained throughout the experiment as well as using the same penny and the same side of the penny. Results were slightly inconsistent from the same cup but this could be attributed to how far away I was holding the syringe from the penny and how fast I was dropping the water. The inconsistencies were very minimal and the results can be reproduced inside the margin of error.3. Can you explain the scientific basis for any effects observed?Depending on the compound added to the water it will either, cause a lower surface tension by depleting the surface molecules at the water air interface, or make the bonds stronger by pulling more molecules toward the middle of the dropl et which increases the water air interface.As the sugar was harder to dissolve in the water, the solute concentrated more on the surface thereby making the bonds stronger. The negative result from the salt can be attributed to the salt staying in the solute rather than concentrating on the surface.4. Are there alternative explanations?None that I can find.5. Does the chemical nature of the solute matter? just about liquids have stronger cohesive forces than others. Water molecules have some of the strongest cohesive forces due to being a polar covalent molecule. The stronger the cohesive bonds are inside the liquid, the larger a droplet will be able to grow before it is overcome by the force of gravity.6. Do your results agree with the same or similar measurements that you office find in the literature?The results of this experiment came out as expected according the literature in provided to us as well as in the citations both with the varied results of the granulated sugar and th e generally descending results of the table salt.7. Are there any sources of inaccuracy or potential flaws in the methodology used? Can you suggest modifications to the experimental protocol in the light of your evaluations? How far away the syringe was held from the penny as well as how fast the drops were let either increased or decreased the surface tension. How well the penny was cleaned in between each test could also affect the surface tension. To improve the results a drop counter could be used which precisely controls the amount of liquid in each drop as well as the time between drops.8. Link your work to the concepts introduced in the introductory passage of this experimental brief. Think about how the results might have relevance to the initial formation of life, and hypothesize on how they relate to the module materials in Sections 1 to 6. ie discuss the experiment in the context of Astrobiology. Water is crucial to the formation of life on Earth as its able to dissolve many common substances making known as the universal solvent. This is important as reactants must be dissolved in water for most biological reactions to occur. The hydrogen bonds formed by water are also important as they can be comprise in the DNA of many living organisms as it helps to keep the DNA chains together. The high surface tension of water and its cohesive properties of water allow trees and plants to pull water up from their roots to their leaves. This same process is also essential for blood transport in animals. For life to form on other planets it can be assumed that it will need a solvent like water to enable chemical reactions and to transport materials. (Conway, A, et al.)ConclusionOverall the experiment succeeded in showing that the strength of a cohesive bond inside the solute is dependent upon which compound is dissolved in it. It also showed that the cohesive bond in the surface tension of the solvent is also effected by how much of the compound was dissolved in the solute. Differences existed in the experimental data of the granulated sugar and the table salt, however, these can be accounted for by experimental error.Bibliography Conway, A, et al. 2003. Origin of Life. 2003. In Rothery, Gilmour and Sephton (eds). An Introduction to Astrobiology. pp. 3-15, 8-10. Cambridge University Press.University of Hawaii. 2017. Types of Covalent Bonds Polar and Nonpolar. ONLINE ready(prenominal) at https//manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/?q=chemical/properties-water/types-covalent-bonds-polar-and-nonpolar. Accessed 27 February 2017.Shakhashiri . 2011. Water. ONLINE Available at http//scifun.chem.wisc.edu/CHEMWEEK/PDF/COW-Water-Jan2011.pdf. Accessed 27 February 2017.